Over the past 30 years it has become clear that malignant transformation causes a profound subversion of the cytokine landscape of the TME, where several cytokines, including IFN-γ (68), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (69), TGF-β (70), IL-1 (71), IL-6 (72), IL-9 (73, 74), IL-10 (75), IL-15 (76), IL-27 (77), and IL-35 (78), abnormally released in the TME, acquire tumor-promoting activities. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.