INS and diabetes mellitus: Filippello et al. (2022) used MIOs that mimic lipotoxicity to find that lipotoxicity affects the differentiation of specific intestinal cell types in the intestinal tract, and also identified new targets related to the molecular mechanisms affected by lipotoxicity that may be important for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Huang et al. (2023) cultured islet organoids differentiated from human gastric stem cells containing gastric insulin-secreting cells with similar molecular characteristics and function to β-cells.