The results of hepatic qPCR are depicted in Fig. 2A and B. In comparison to the NBW-C group, the IUGR-C group exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of FAS, SCD1, MTTP, and FABP1, and significantly lower (P < 0.05) levels of PPARγ, CD36, LPL, CPT1α, SIRT1, PGC1α, NRF1, ERRα, TFAM, POLG, AMPK, NDUFA, SDH, COX, ATP5, CytC, and UQCRB. Conversely, the IUGR-D group demonstrated lower (P < 0.05) levels of FAS, SCD1, MTTP, and FABP1, and higher (P < 0.05) levels of PPARγ, CPT1α, SIRT1, PGC1α, ERRα, TFAM, POLG, AMPK, NDUFA, SDH, COX, ATP5, CytC, and UQCRB compared to the IUGR-C group. Here, NRF1 is linked to fetal growth restriction.