TNF and Alzheimer disease: TNF-α influence the onset and development of AD in several ways: (1) TNF-α is contributing to enhance the generation of Aβ and subsequent accumulation; (2) TNF-α reduces phagocytic function of immune cells and leading the loss of neurons; (3) TNF-α rearrange the cytoskeleton to disrupt brain microvascular endothelial cells which presents the main composition of blood brain barrier through activating toll like receptor signalling.