MMP9 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In de Sá Fialho et al.'s [16] study, COPD mice were treated with both Lr and Bb, and together attenuated the cellularity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines, reversed airway remodeling, and reduced the expression of MMP-9, MMP-12, NF-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 9 in the lungs.