Disease progression, infection (e.g., bacterial cholangitis, pyogenic liver abscess), obstruction (malignant or non-malignant aetiology such as gallstone disease), primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, IgG4 disease, bile duct stricture, thromboembolic disease, secondary cholangitis, alcohol use, other systemic illnesses or infections, other causes of drug induced liver injury. Here, SERPINA1 is linked to sclerosing cholangitis.