TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Previous research showed that inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL1β and IL6, promoted inflammation, lipid accumulation and injury in hepatic cells.[25, 32] Moreover, higher levels of circulating TNFα were also associated with the severity of MASLD.[33] Intraperitoneal injection of TNFα evidently promoted the accumulation of hepatic lipid droplet.[34] Similarly, we also found that hepatocytes that were cocultured with GCA‐treated macrophages exhibited an augmentation in PA‐induced lipid formation and hepatocyte apoptosis.