INS and gestational diabetes: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia caused by deficient insulin production, inadequate insulin release, and/or peripheral resistance to insulin.6, 7, 8 Hyperglycemia detected during pregnancy can be divided into GDM and diabetes in pregnancy, which can be classified as pre-gestational diabetes or diabetes diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy when it meets the criteria for non-gestational diabetes.9, 10, 11