TGFB1 and prostate cancer: Furthermore, we assessed the potential therapeutic effects of ABGE on the prostate cancer cell lines using in vitro experimental models through functional parameters (colony formation, tumorsphere formation, and a migration assay) and molecular studies to evaluate the potential involvement of different signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (AKT), Janus kinases/the signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT), and transforming growth factor (TGF-β).