The risk factors for GDM recurrence can be categorized into unmodifiable factors (such as patient age, number of previous pregnancies, family history of diabetes, and insulin use during a previous pregnancy complicated by GDM) and modifiable factors (such as time interval and weight gain between successive pregnancies, pregravid BMI, and high fasting glucose levels in the first trimester of pregnancy). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.