During visceral leishmaniasis, elevated autoantibodies such as ANA, ANCA, anti-mitochondrial M2 antibodies (AMA-M2), anti-liver cytosol specific type 1 antibodies (anti-LC1), anti-liver/kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies (anti-LKM1), anti-centromere protein-B antibodies (anti-CENP-B), anti-Sjögren’s syndrome type A antibodies (anti-SSA), anti-Sjögren’s syndrome type B antibodies (anti-SSB), anti-Jo-1 antibodies, anti-dsDNA and rheumatoid factor (RF), are common [178,179] (Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene SSB and Down syndrome.