IL33 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In addition, ozone exposure disrupts barrier integrity and leads to increased levels of intracellular ROSs, activation of NF-κB-dependent pathways, and upregulation of IL-33, IL-1α and IL-17A, causing hyperinflammation in the respiratory system, and potentially triggering asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [42].