Indeed, we have previously shown that the continuous infusion of active GIP(1–42) attenuates the progression of macrophage-derived atherosclerosis in the aortae of both diabetic and non-diabetic apolipoprotein E-null (Apoe−/−) mice, whose effects were independent of food intake, body weight, blood pressure, and plasma glucose or lipid levels [14]. This evidence concerns the gene GIP and atherosclerosis.