LAMC2 and gonorrhea: In addition, LAMC2 is overexpressed in placental cells, and in vitro has shown an increase in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration but inhibited apoptosis, accompanied by the elevated protein expression of MMP2, MMP9, and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), which means that LAMC2 is implicated in the pathogenesis of PAS by activating the PI3K/Akt/MMP2/9 signaling pathway to stimulate trophoblast over-invasion [75].