CENPA and breast carcinoma: Additionally, Zhang et al. determined that breast cancer patients with higher CENP-A levels are more likely to experience PI3K/Akt/mTOR (Phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Protein kinase B/mammalian Target of Rapamycin) intracellular signaling pathway activation, boosting cancer cell growth and chemotherapy resistance (Figure 4) [183,184].