INS and gestational diabetes: The use of probiotics with different formulations has shown positive effects on both maternal and fetal health; the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis significantly reduced the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus to 13% and resulted in a normal growth rate in newborns; the use of L. acidophilus, L. casei and B. bifidum significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, serum insulin levels, serum triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and cholesterol concentrations.