TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: To study the phenomena related to dedifferentiation cues, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα was used, modeling the effect of an inflammation-mediated environment dysregulation in differentiated SMCs [44], a cue commonly found in pathologies that include a vascular remodeling component such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, COPD, and obesity [49,50].