These genes include GRIA3, TAF7L, ARL14, PCDHGA9, MDGA1, ZFPM2, OSR2, TMC8/TMC6, HCN2, and CDK5R2, which are likely to be relevant in human lung cancer and are also epigenetically deregulated upon exposure to ECS in our animal study. This evidence concerns the gene MDGA1 and lung carcinoma.