These genes include GRIA3, TAF7L, ARL14, PCDHGA9, MDGA1, ZFPM2, OSR2, TMC8/TMC6, HCN2, and CDK5R2, which are likely to be relevant in human lung cancer and are also epigenetically deregulated upon exposure to ECS in our animal study. Here, TAF7L is linked to lung carcinoma.