INS and endothelial dysfunction: The blood pressure disturbance can be explained by the following arguments, namely altered renal sodium reabsorption via Renin–Aldosterone–Angiotensin System (RAAS) activity, increased water retention, activation of sympathetic nervous system, endothelial dysfunction, modifications in vascular remodeling (hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle), impaired insulin-stimulated NO (nitric oxide) pathway and electrolyte imbalance (sodium, potassium, magnesium).