CSF2 and neoplasm: A noteworthy development is the series of phase I clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of a bi-shRNAi(furin)/GM-CSF DNA/autologous tumor cell vaccine (known as Vigil, FANG, or FANGTM), which has been genetically engineered to express GM-CSF and inhibit furin production [92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99].