IL1B and streptococcal pneumonia: These findings suggest that IL-1β protects against sepsis by stimulating the local proliferation and differentiation of BMCs into CD11c-CD45RBhigh DCs at immune organs and non-immune organs during sepsis [30]. Lemon et al. found that mice administered intranasal IL-1β demonstrated improved clearance of Streptococcus pneumonia, which suggests a role for IL-1β in macrophage recruitment and the clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae [31].