VCAM1 and hypertensive heart disease: Concerning PPAR alpha, other studies have shown that fenofibrate prevents the progression of hypertensive heart disease by reducing inflammation markers such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), binding activity and mRNAs of VCAM-1, IL-6, COX-2, and MCP-1, and dysfunction at the myocardial level [27], in addition to reducing myocardial inflammation due to the decreased expression of molecules such as VCAM-1, PECAM, and ICAM-1, in a rat model with angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion [28].