VDR and inflammatory bowel disease: In our system, we observed that local VDR expression was increased in the inflamed intestines in mice induced for DSS colitis (Figure 8E, middle panel), which differed from other reports showing that VDR expression in inflamed intestines are reduced in human IBD patients and mice induced for colitis by TNBS (1,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) [61,62].