NFKB1 and cancer: It is known that Helicobacter pylori activates the NF-κB pathway through IKK-mediated phosphorylation of IκB, Fusobacterium nucleatum activates NF-κB via the TLR4/MYD88 signaling pathway, and Lactobacillus casei inhibits NF-κB activation by decreasing the expression of NF-κB p65 and IκB, collectively affecting inflammation and cancer progression [49].