VCAM1 and ischemia: Cannabinoids increased TEER, decreased endothelial VCAM-1, reduced BBB permeability and ischemia-induced BBB damage [132,133], reduced ischemia-induced IL-6 and lactate dehydrogenase in astrocytes [133], increased endogenous antioxidant via NF-κB pathways, reduced cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) expression, and decreased BBB permeability in mice following traumatic brain injury [134].