Analysis of over 800 tumor samples from the TCGA and CGGA cohorts revealed a consistent, broad chemokine expression profile in GBM, with CXCL16, CX3CL1, CXCL14, RARRES2, CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCR5 ligands (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL3L3, and CCL4L2), and CXCL12 as the most highly expressed (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and glioblastoma.