AR and prostate cancer: Knockdown of PSMA has also been shown to cause significant metabolic disruptions and alterations in the biosynthesis pathways of arginine and proline, which in turn affect the proliferation and invasion capabilities of prostate cancer cells and transcriptional changes that include the downregulation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway and the upregulation of oncogenes such as c-Fos and FosB [47].