For example, a similar process is observed in prostate cancer, where in the setting of chronic inflammation, tumor-associated macrophages secrete multiple cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-7, IL-2, and inflammatory proteins, resulting in the activation of NF-kB signaling and TGF-β (inducing EMT) which alter the cancer microenvironment. Here, TNF is linked to Familial prostate cancer.