TNF and cancer: Moreover, cancer cells and their microenvironment release mediators like prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), endothelins, interleukin-1 and -6, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, and platelet-derived growth, that sensitize nociceptors, increasing their responsiveness and contributing to heightened pain sensation [58,61,62,63].