GDF15 and neoplasm: The correlation of the concentration of the five cytokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL18, TGFB1, and GDF15 in CSF of VS patients with Koos grade and patient age in 52 patients and with preoperative hearing class and tumor volume in 49 patients, as well as the correlation of the five cytokines with absolute and relative growth rate in 12 patients, was analyzed (Figure 8).