Several soluble mediators of CLS have been proposed after the observation of increased levels of CD25+ T cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes; increased serum cytokine levels of CXCL10, CCL2, IL1B, IL-5, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF; and elevated plasma levels of VEGF and angiopoietin. Here, TNF is linked to capillary leak syndrome.