INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In HepG2 liver cells, glucose uptake was enhanced by Flavourzyme-papain casein hydrolysates in the absence of insulin, an activity attenuated by the application of inhibitors targeting both the AKT and AMPK pathways, whereas the AMPK signaling route was exclusively activated by Flavourzyme-papain hydrolysates in T2DM rats (see above) [255].