INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In human trials, galactose has drawn attention as a low-GI sugar because it causes very modest rises in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in normal and T2DM participants [44,45], and also increases the secretion of incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-independent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which are produced in the small intestine [43,146], and promote satiety [46,147].