HMGB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Additionally, Dasu et al (2010),29 found higher circulating levels of HMGB-1 in T2D patients compared to controls, a phenomenon also supported by Škrha et al (2012).30 Hagiwara et al (2008), demonstrated that hyperglycaemia induced by glucose infusion in a rat model was linked to elevated serum HMGB-1 levels.30 Further research by Dasu and colleagues (2010), revealed elevated levels of HMGB-1 in individuals with T2D, positively correlating with TLR2 and TLR4, body mass index (BMI), and HOMA-IR.29 Additionally, the expression of MyD88 and NF-κB p65 was increased.