HMGB1 and diabetic cardiomyopathy: HMGB-1 plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial autophagy.49 HMGB-1 also modulates heat shock protein beta 1 (HSPB1) to maintain mitochondrial morphology and control mitochondrial autophagy, thus contributing to myocardial remodelling following diabetic ischemia/reperfusion.55 However, excessive autophagy during ischemia/reperfusion in diabetic cardiomyopathy can worsen myocardial injury.56 Studies indicate that reducing HMGB-1 expression in diabetic rats can decrease infarct volume, enhance haemodynamics, and alleviate inflammation.