The activation of TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signalling resulted in elevated cytokine levels.28 Subsequently, Chen et al. found significantly upregulated expression of HMGB-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in T2D retinas and in cells treated with high glucose concentration. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.