HMGB1 and diabetes mellitus: Essentially, it signifies a condition wherein cells inadequately respond to circulating insulin.24 Peripheral tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue can all serve as sites for insulin resistance.25 Research has shown that infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue correlates with elevated serum insulin concentration, suggesting that macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses may significantly contribute to insulin resistance.26 Recent research indicates a close correlation between diabetes and HMGB-1.