HMGB1 and diabetes mellitus: However, some studies have shown that cardiac denervation regresses with high glycaemic control.102 Pachydaki et al (2006)103 and Yu et al (2015), noted increased expression of HMGB-1 in the retinas of individuals with diabetes and rat models with retinopathy.104 As a proinflammatory mediator, HMGB-1 is involved in diabetic neuropathy by interacting with RAGE and TLR4 and regulating autophagy.