In both in vitro and in vivo settings, hyperglycaemia induces HMGB-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) expression and increases HMGB-1 protein levels in myocardial cells and fibroblasts.58 Volz and colleagues (2010), reported diabetic mice with post-myocardial infarction remodelling exhibit elevated HMGB-1 levels, leading to enhanced inflammation and fibrosis. Here, HMGB1 is linked to Hyperglycemia.