HMGB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Similarly, obesity, which is often linked to T2D, also shows increased levels of HMGB-1 in the plasma.13 Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, and HMGB-1 is thought to contribute to this inflammatory milieu.17 Plasma HMGB-1 levels in obese individuals are often elevated, with studies showing increases comparable to those seen in T2D patients.18,19 The levels in obese individuals can vary but typically range between 5 and 15 depending on the severity of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances.18