INS and diabetes mellitus: It has been shown to directly bind directly to and inhibit HMGB-1, as reported by Mollica et al. (2007).114 GL and its derivatives exhibit significant anti-diabetic effects in diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.115 These effects include reducing blood glucose and insulin concentrations, improving insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, regulating lipid metabolism, and enhancing insulin secretion.115 However, GL’s bioavailability is limited, prompting the development of formulations such as nanoparticles or conjugation with various metals.