NFKB1 and Sepsis: After Ulloa and Tracey demonstrated that nicotine enhances mouse survival in LPS and CLP-induced sepsis through the inhibition of HMGB1 release and the blockade of the NF-kB pathway by activating α7nAChRs, the stimulation α7nAChRs in combating sepsis became a novel potential therapeutic approach for sepsis (128, 129).