IL13 and neoplasm: With the advancements in immunotherapy and precision medicine, therapeutic strategies targeting these cytokines—including IL-13-targeted toxin fusion proteins, anti-IL-13 antibodies, small molecule drugs that block IL-13 and its receptor interaction, as well as leveraging IL-18’s immune-enhancing properties or enhancing anti-tumor immune recognition and killing through gene therapy—have shown potential in inhibiting tumor growth and spread (38, 53, 54).