TGFB1 and neoplasm: In this regard, the cargo of GBM EVs comprised several immunomodulating molecules (i.e., TGF-β, IL-10, and heat shock proteins) as well as PD-L1, which binds to the PD-1 receptor on the surface of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and leads to cancer immune evasion through the inhibition of T-cell responses and, in turn, decreased survival outcomes in cancer patients (106–108).