Finally, we were unable to determine whether TIMP‐1 is a significant downstream mediator of the effects of estrogen in the immune response following viral infections in humans or the mechanisms by which higher plasma TIMP‐1 levels in females may contribute to severe hypoxemia as assessed by higher PaO2/FiO2 ratios or prolonged length of hospital stays when compared to outcomes in males following SARS‐CoV2 and/or H1N1 IAV infections. The gene discussed is TIMP1; the disease is viral infectious disease.