Interestingly, in other pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (Oh et al., 2014; Angelucci et al., 2023; Eruysal et al., 2023) and neurodegenerative diseases (Zipser et al., 2007; R. M. Liu et al., 2011; Petersen et al., 2018; Griemert et al., 2019; Merlini et al., 2019), BBB leakage (Nation et al., 2019) and increased levels of PAI-1 and fibrinogen have also been found to correlate with cognitive dysfunction and disease severity. The gene discussed is SERPINE1; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.