In the healthy brain and cerebral microvasculature, PAI-1 is expressed at minimal levels (Sutton et al., 1994; Yamamoto et al., 2005), yet it is induced in stroke (Tjärnlund-Wolf et al., 2012; Callegari et al., 2023) and Alzheimer's disease patients (Melchor and Strickland, 2005; Oh et al., 2014; Angelucci et al., 2023). The gene discussed is SERPINE1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.