On the other hand, TNF‐α is considered a key molecule in the development of hypertension (Fernandez‐Real et al., 2002; Huang et al., 2016), which may be caused by impaired endothelial Ca2+ signalling induced by vascular smooth muscle‐derived TNF‐α (Kuppusamy et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to hypertensive disorder.