connected DNA aptamers AS1411 (with a high affinity for nucleolin expressed on the tumor cells) at the apex of tFNAs and loaded vemurafenib, a common small molecule inhibitor of the B‐RAF protein (Figure 8g).[180] Upon topical delivery into mice with s.c. melanoma, this tFNA crossed the basal layer of skin (Figure 8h) and diffused to the tumor core at a depth of 300–400 μm from the surface (Figure 8i). This evidence concerns the gene BRAF and melanoma.