The heteromeric amyloid filament structure of ANXA11 and TDP-43 explains the colocalization of these two proteins in the inclusions of FTLD-TDP type C. However, it is important to make the distinction that colocalization of a given protein with inclusions is not sufficient evidence for heteromeric assembly, as many additional non-assembled proteins are sequestered in inclusions50–52, and all previously determined structures of pathological assemblies in neurodegenerative diseases have been homotypic amyloid filaments1,31. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and neurodegenerative disease.