BRCA1 and breast carcinoma: There are several mechanisms in which epigenetics affect gene expression, such methylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation of histones, among many others.25 There are well-known examples of cancers associated with epigenetic changes in certain genes, such as hypermethylation of BRCA1 in breast cancer and hMLH1 in colon cancer.26 One comprehensive review by Feinberg et al.27 further advances a theory of epigenetic “landscapes” and its role in cancer etiology and potentially targeted therapies, such as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.