TNF-α promotes focal epileptogenesis development by increasing hyperexcitability through autocrine mechanisms such as astrocyte glutamate release, modulation of neuronal transmitter release, and purinergic signaling.[43] The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α may be associated with iron regulation and metabolism in the progression of epilepsy and may act as an acute seizure biomarker.[44]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and epilepsy.