In addition, several other bioactive factors have been described to be strongly associated with epilepsy, such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF),[7] interleukin (IL)-5,[8,9] and interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra).[10] However, it remains controversial whether inflammation causes epilepsy or is due to the use of medications, disease development, and subsequent infection after the onset of epilepsy. The gene discussed is CSF1; the disease is epilepsy.