MTOR and focal epilepsy: This cytokine could affect GABAergic neurotransmission in brain tissue, thereby affecting excitability during seizures.[41] In medial temporal lobe epilepsy, IL-1β is implicated in focal epileptogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.[42] As a result, IL-1β could serve as a significant biomarker for focal epilepsy.