HLA-DQA1 and diabetic kidney disease: Variants of the HLA-DQA1 gene have been associated with various autoimmune conditions, including T1DM (Scott et al., 2017; Onengut-Gumuscu et al., 2019; Liao et al., 2023), and have been proposed as markers of susceptibility for T2DM and diabetic nephropathy (Ma et al., 2013).