SMO - sequential minimal optimization; ML - machine learning; AR - aldose reductase; EHR - electronic health record; AI - artificial intelligence; AUC - area under the curve; SVM - support vector machine; SD-OCT - spectral domain optical coherence tomography; DR - diabetic retinopathy; ARC - age‐related cataracts; CDM - cataracts with diabetes mellitus; CHM - cataracts with high myopia. Here, AKR1B1 is linked to cataract.