SMOC1 and infection: demonstrated that antibodies isolated from COVID-19 patients who experienced breakthrough infections with BA.2 and BA.5 showed significantly diminished neutralizing activity and antibody diversities against other variants, such as BQ.1.1.10 (BQ.1.1 + Y144del), BA.4.6.3, XBB, and CH.1.1, due to the presence of OAS (32).