SPP1 and neoplasm: Consistent with these findings, we discovered that tumor-proliferative factors such as VEGFA (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A), the representative downstream regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, VIM (Vimentin), and the inflammatory cytokine SPP1, which regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress, are all significantly up-regulated in peripheral hypoxic regions in both HG1 and HG2 samples (Supplementary Figures 12, 14).