In short, we expanded whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from untreated relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients (nRRMS = 19), NAT-treated RRMS patients (nNAT = 10), and healthy donors (nHD = 16) by addition of R848 at 2.5μg/ml and IL-2 at 1’000 IU/ml. Here, IL2 is linked to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.