HSPD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Moreover, we demonstrated that HSP60-D3G, a mutant with defective oligomerization42, activated mtDNA-cGAS/STING-IFNβ pathway in HCC, and HSP60-D3G and HSP60-R446K overexpression had comparable effects on mtROS, membrane potential, mtDNA leakage, cGAMP level, ISGs expression, and IFNβ production.