ERβ activation promoted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.137 Estrogen regulated liver insulin production and transport, improves liver insulin response, and reduced liver insulin degradation, thereby lowering blood glucose.135,136,138 Estrogen mediated the improvement of insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, protected adipocytes from oxidative stress, and improved insulin stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle.124 Estrogen improved heart function through ERα and alleviated myocardial damage induced by insulin resistance. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.