APOE and cardiovascular disorder: Proof-of-principle for a causal relationship between pulmonary inflammation and systemic cardiovascular disease via immune mechanisms was demonstrated in an elegant study by Don Sin’s group, who showed that instillation of the pro-inflammatory bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide into the lungs of atheroprone apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice increased the development of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques by more than fourfold [49].